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Opium production in Afghanistan
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Opium production in Afghanistan
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Warlord period (1989–1994)
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When the Soviet Army was forced to withdraw in 1989, a power vacuum was created. Various Mujahideen factions started fighting against each other for power. With the discontinuation of Western support, they resorted ever more to poppy cultivation to finance their military existence.
Warlord period (1989–1994)
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When the Soviet Army was forced to withdraw in 1989, a power vacuum was created. Various Mujahideen factions started fighting against each other for power. With the discontinuation of Western support, they resorted ever more to poppy cultivation to finance their military existence.
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Rise of the Taliban (1994–2001)
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During the Taliban rule, Afghanistan saw a bumper opium crop of 4,500 metric tons in 1999,[10]. In July 2000, Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar declared that growing poppies was un-Islamic, resulting in one of the world's most successful anti-drug campaigns. As a result of this ban, opium poppy cultivation was reduced by 91% from the previous year's estimate of 82,172 hectares. The ban was so effective that Helmand Province, which had accounted for more than half of this area, recorded no poppy cultivation during the 2001 season.[11]
Rise of the Taliban (1994–2001)
---------------------------------------
During the Taliban rule, Afghanistan saw a bumper opium crop of 4,500 metric tons in 1999,[10]. In July 2000, Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar declared that growing poppies was un-Islamic, resulting in one of the world's most successful anti-drug campaigns. As a result of this ban, opium poppy cultivation was reduced by 91% from the previous year's estimate of 82,172 hectares. The ban was so effective that Helmand Province, which had accounted for more than half of this area, recorded no poppy cultivation during the 2001 season.[11]
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Present War in Afghanistan
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By November 2001, the collapse of the economy and the scarcity of other sources of revenue forced many of the country's farmers to resort back to growing opium for export.(1,300 km² in 2004 according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.)
Until the last few years, the link between narcotics and the insurgency was not thought out or even followed. Actually, it was not until 2005 that an official recognition was made of the association, but there still was no strategy enacted to address this issue. The United States has called to enhance support for other business programs in the nation and apply more pressure on President Karzai to stop benefiting from, or allow the development of the narcotics trade. This is a vital part of the counterinsurgency policy since the poppy trade has connections to the insurgency, is the main source of fraud in the country, and severely alters the legal economy. In order to tackle this dilemma the United States and the ISAF have agreed to use their power to track down drug traffickers, demolish labs, narcotics facilities, and narcotics supplies.
In December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met in Bonn, Germany, under United Nations (UN) auspices to develop a plan to reestablish the State of Afghanistan, including provisions for a new constitution and national elections. As part of that agreement, the United Kingdom (UK) was designated the lead country in addressing counter-narcotics issues in Afghanistan. Afghanistan subsequently implemented its new constitution and held national elections. On December 7, 2004, Hamid Karzai was formally sworn in as president of a democratic Afghanistan."[12]
Two of the following three growing seasons saw record levels of opium poppy cultivation. Corrupt officials may have undermined the government's enforcement efforts. Afghan farmers suggested that "government officials take bribes for turning a blind eye to the drug trade while punishing poor opium growers".[13]
Another obstacle to getting rid of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is the reluctant collaboration between US forces and Afghan warlords in hunting drug traffickers. In the absence of Taliban, the warlords largely control the opium trade but are also highly useful to the US forces in scouting, providing local intelligence, keeping their own territories clean from Al-Qaeda and Taliban insurgents, and even taking part in military operations.
Former U.S. State Department Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Thomas Schweich, in a New York Times article dated July 27, 2007, asserts that opium production is protected by the government of Hamid Karzai as well as by the Taliban, as all parties to political conflict in Afghanistan as well as criminals benefit from opium production, and, in Schweich's opinion, the U.S. military turns a blind eye to opium production as not being central to its anti-terrorism mission.[14][15]
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[10] United Nations (2004-11-18). "Press conference on afghanistan opium survey 2004". Press release. http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/McCleanBriefing_041118.doc.htm. Retrieved 2006-01-14.
[11] United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) (PDF). Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2001. http://www.unodc.org/afg/reports_surveys.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
[12] Glaze, John A. (October 2007) (PDF), Opium and Afghanistan: Reassessing U.S. Counternarcotics Strategy, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub804.pdf
[13] Smith, Graeme (March 22, 2008), "Portrait of the enemy", The Globe and Mail: A16, http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=131245
[14] "Is Afghanistan a Narco-State?" by Thomas Schweich, July 27, 2008, New York Times
[15] "Combating Synthetic Drugs, A Global Challenge: U.S. and International Responses", by Thomas A. Schweich, Joseph T. Rannazzisi, James O'Gara, U.S. State Department
Present War in Afghanistan
--------------------------
By November 2001, the collapse of the economy and the scarcity of other sources of revenue forced many of the country's farmers to resort back to growing opium for export.(1,300 km² in 2004 according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.)
Until the last few years, the link between narcotics and the insurgency was not thought out or even followed. Actually, it was not until 2005 that an official recognition was made of the association, but there still was no strategy enacted to address this issue. The United States has called to enhance support for other business programs in the nation and apply more pressure on President Karzai to stop benefiting from, or allow the development of the narcotics trade. This is a vital part of the counterinsurgency policy since the poppy trade has connections to the insurgency, is the main source of fraud in the country, and severely alters the legal economy. In order to tackle this dilemma the United States and the ISAF have agreed to use their power to track down drug traffickers, demolish labs, narcotics facilities, and narcotics supplies.
In December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met in Bonn, Germany, under United Nations (UN) auspices to develop a plan to reestablish the State of Afghanistan, including provisions for a new constitution and national elections. As part of that agreement, the United Kingdom (UK) was designated the lead country in addressing counter-narcotics issues in Afghanistan. Afghanistan subsequently implemented its new constitution and held national elections. On December 7, 2004, Hamid Karzai was formally sworn in as president of a democratic Afghanistan."[12]
Two of the following three growing seasons saw record levels of opium poppy cultivation. Corrupt officials may have undermined the government's enforcement efforts. Afghan farmers suggested that "government officials take bribes for turning a blind eye to the drug trade while punishing poor opium growers".[13]
Another obstacle to getting rid of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is the reluctant collaboration between US forces and Afghan warlords in hunting drug traffickers. In the absence of Taliban, the warlords largely control the opium trade but are also highly useful to the US forces in scouting, providing local intelligence, keeping their own territories clean from Al-Qaeda and Taliban insurgents, and even taking part in military operations.
Former U.S. State Department Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Thomas Schweich, in a New York Times article dated July 27, 2007, asserts that opium production is protected by the government of Hamid Karzai as well as by the Taliban, as all parties to political conflict in Afghanistan as well as criminals benefit from opium production, and, in Schweich's opinion, the U.S. military turns a blind eye to opium production as not being central to its anti-terrorism mission.[14][15]
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[10] United Nations (2004-11-18). "Press conference on afghanistan opium survey 2004". Press release. http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/McCleanBriefing_041118.doc.htm. Retrieved 2006-01-14.
[11] United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) (PDF). Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2001. http://www.unodc.org/afg/reports_surveys.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
[12] Glaze, John A. (October 2007) (PDF), Opium and Afghanistan: Reassessing U.S. Counternarcotics Strategy, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub804.pdf
[13] Smith, Graeme (March 22, 2008), "Portrait of the enemy", The Globe and Mail: A16, http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=131245
[14] "Is Afghanistan a Narco-State?" by Thomas Schweich, July 27, 2008, New York Times
[15] "Combating Synthetic Drugs, A Global Challenge: U.S. and International Responses", by Thomas A. Schweich, Joseph T. Rannazzisi, James O'Gara, U.S. State Department
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